diff --git a/bitcoinutils/transactions.py b/bitcoinutils/transactions.py
index 9591759..dc65c10 100644
--- a/bitcoinutils/transactions.py
+++ b/bitcoinutils/transactions.py
@@ -678,6 +678,50 @@ def set_witness(self, txin_index: int, witness: TxWitnessInput):
             raise IndexError("txin_index out of range")
         self.witnesses[txin_index] = witness
 
+    def add_input(self, txin: TxInput) -> None:
+        """Append a transaction input.
+
+        If the transaction is segwit an empty witness entry is appended so
+        that the witnesses list stays parallel to inputs.
+        """
+        self.inputs.append(txin)
+        if self.has_segwit:
+            self.set_witness(len(self.inputs) - 1, TxWitnessInput([]))
+
+    def add_output(self, txout: TxOutput) -> None:
+        """Append a transaction output."""
+        self.outputs.append(txout)
+
+    def remove_input(self, index: int) -> None:
+        """Remove the transaction input at *index*.
+
+        If the transaction is segwit the corresponding witness entry is
+        also removed. Negative indices are rejected.
+        """
+        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.inputs):
+            raise IndexError("Input index out of range")
+        del self.inputs[index]
+        if self.has_segwit and index < len(self.witnesses):
+            del self.witnesses[index]
+
+    def remove_output(self, index: int) -> None:
+        """Remove the transaction output at *index*. Negative indices are rejected."""
+        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.outputs):
+            raise IndexError("Output index out of range")
+        del self.outputs[index]
+
+    def update_input(self, index: int, txin: TxInput) -> None:
+        """Replace the transaction input at *index*. Negative indices are rejected."""
+        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.inputs):
+            raise IndexError("Input index out of range")
+        self.inputs[index] = txin
+
+    def update_output(self, index: int, txout: TxOutput) -> None:
+        """Replace the transaction output at *index*. Negative indices are rejected."""
+        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.outputs):
+            raise IndexError("Output index out of range")
+        self.outputs[index] = txout
+
     def get_transaction_digest(
         self, txin_index: int, script: Script, sighash: int = SIGHASH_ALL
     ):
diff --git a/tests/test_transaction_mutation.py b/tests/test_transaction_mutation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae90222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_transaction_mutation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2018-2025 The python-bitcoin-utils developers
+#
+# This file is part of python-bitcoin-utils
+#
+# It is subject to the license terms in the LICENSE file found in the top-level
+# directory of this distribution.
+#
+# No part of python-bitcoin-utils, including this file, may be copied,
+# modified, propagated, or distributed except according to the terms contained
+# in the LICENSE file.
+
+import unittest
+
+from bitcoinutils.setup import setup
+from bitcoinutils.transactions import (
+    Transaction,
+    TxInput,
+    TxOutput,
+    TxWitnessInput,
+)
+from bitcoinutils.script import Script
+
+
+class TestTransactionMutation(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        setup("testnet")
+        self.txin1 = TxInput(
+            "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", 0
+        )
+        self.txin2 = TxInput(
+            "bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 1
+        )
+        self.txout1 = TxOutput(
+            10000,
+            Script(["OP_DUP", "OP_HASH160", "aa" * 20, "OP_EQUALVERIFY", "OP_CHECKSIG"]),
+        )
+        self.txout2 = TxOutput(
+            20000,
+            Script(["OP_1", "bb" * 32]),
+        )
+
+    def txid_index(self, tx):
+        return [(i.txid, i.txout_index) for i in tx.inputs]
+
+    def amount_list(self, tx):
+        return [o.amount for o in tx.outputs]
+
+    def test_add_input_preserves_existing_inputs(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.txid_index(tx), [("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", 0), ("bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 1)])
+
+    def test_add_input_segwit_backfills_witnesses(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1], has_segwit=True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.witnesses), 0)
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(tx.witnesses), len(tx.inputs),
+            "witnesses must stay parallel with inputs",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(tx.witnesses[-1].stack, [])
+
+    def test_add_input_non_segwit_no_witness(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1], has_segwit=False)
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.witnesses), 0)
+
+    def test_add_output_preserves_existing_outputs(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.add_output(self.txout2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.amount_list(tx), [10000, 20000])
+
+    def test_remove_input_removes_correct_item_and_witness(self):
+        tx = Transaction(
+            [self.txin1, self.txin2],
+            [self.txout1],
+            has_segwit=True,
+            witnesses=[TxWitnessInput(["deadbeef"]), TxWitnessInput([])],
+        )
+        tx.remove_input(0)
+        self.assertEqual(self.txid_index(tx), [("bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.witnesses), len(tx.inputs))
+        self.assertEqual(tx.witnesses[0].stack, [])
+
+    def test_remove_output_removes_correct_item(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1, self.txout2])
+        tx.remove_output(0)
+        self.assertEqual(self.amount_list(tx), [20000])
+
+    def test_update_input_replaces_item_keeps_length(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.update_input(0, self.txin2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.inputs), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.txid_index(tx), [("bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 1)])
+
+    def test_update_output_replaces_item_keeps_length(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.update_output(0, self.txout2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.outputs), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.amount_list(tx), [20000])
+
+    def test_negative_and_out_of_bounds_indices_rejected(self):
+        tx_inputs = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx_outputs = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        for index in (-1, 5):
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+                tx_inputs.remove_input(index)
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+                tx_inputs.update_input(index, self.txin2)
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+                tx_outputs.remove_output(index)
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+                tx_outputs.update_output(index, self.txout2)
+
+    def test_mutation_on_empty_transaction_raises(self):
+        tx = Transaction([], [])
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tx.remove_input(0)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tx.remove_output(0)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tx.update_input(0, self.txin1)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tx.update_output(0, self.txout1)
+
+    def test_add_input_then_serialize(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        parsed = Transaction.from_raw(tx.to_hex())
+        self.assertEqual(len(parsed.inputs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(parsed.outputs), 1)
+
+    def test_add_output_and_remove_then_serialize(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx.add_output(self.txout2)
+        tx.remove_input(0)
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        parsed = Transaction.from_raw(tx.to_hex())
+        self.assertEqual(self.txid_index(parsed), [("bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(self.amount_list(parsed), [10000, 20000])
+
+    def test_segwit_add_input_round_trip_nonzero_locktime(self):
+        tx = Transaction(
+            [self.txin1],
+            [self.txout1],
+            locktime="0000f406",
+            has_segwit=True,
+            witnesses=[TxWitnessInput(["deadbeef"])],
+        )
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx.witnesses), len(tx.inputs))
+        parsed = Transaction.from_raw(tx.to_hex())
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.locktime, bytes.fromhex("0000f406"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(parsed.inputs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.witnesses[0].stack, ["deadbeef"])
+
+    def test_update_input_changes_txid(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        old_txid = tx.get_txid()
+        tx.update_input(0, self.txin2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(tx.get_txid(), old_txid)
+
+    def test_mutation_does_not_affect_copy(self):
+        tx = Transaction([self.txin1], [self.txout1])
+        tx_copy = Transaction.copy(tx)
+        tx.add_input(self.txin2)
+        tx.remove_output(0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx_copy.inputs), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(tx_copy.outputs), 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file