Typed column access with As<> / AsStrict<>

[slabko]

TL;DR

Column::As<T>() and Column::AsStrict<T>() are now smarter for the typed column
templates (ColumnArrayT, ColumnTupleT, ColumnMapT, ColumnNullableT,
ColumnLowCardinalityT). When the requested T is one of these and the column is not
already exactly T, they wrap the column into a strongly-typed, storage-sharing view
instead of failing.

In practice this means you can take a column straight out of a Select result and ask for
the convenient typed interface directly:

// block[0] is a base ColumnLowCardinality coming from the server.
if (auto lc = block[0]->As<ColumnLowCardinalityT<ColumnString>>()) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < lc->Size(); ++i)
        std::cout << (*lc)[i] << "\n";   // typed operator[] -> std::string_view
}

No manual reconstruction, no exact-type juggling.

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Background: base columns vs. typed columns

ClickHouse composite types are represented by two layers in this library:

Base column	Typed wrapper	Adds
ColumnArray	ColumnArrayT<Nested>	typed At(), operator[], Append(container)
ColumnNullable	ColumnNullableT<Nested>	std::optional-based At() / operator[]
ColumnTuple	ColumnTupleT<Cols...>	std::tuple-based At() / operator[]
ColumnMap	ColumnMapT<Key, Value>	key/value At(), iteration
ColumnLowCardinality	ColumnLowCardinalityT<Dict>	typed At(), operator[], AppendMany()

When you Select, the server-side columns are created by the factory as the base
types (ColumnArray, ColumnNullable, ColumnTuple, ColumnMap, ColumnLowCardinality).
The …T<> templates are the ergonomic, type-safe wrappers around them.

Previously, to get a typed view you needed the column to already be that exact type, or
you had to build the typed column yourself. Now As<>/AsStrict<> bridge the gap
automatically.

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Behavior

A type is wrappable if it exposes a static Wrap method. That is exactly the five
templates above (ColumnArrayT, ColumnTupleT, ColumnMapT, ColumnNullableT,
ColumnLowCardinalityT). Everything else (ColumnString, ColumnUInt64, …) is
non-wrappable and behaves as before.

Call	Wrappable T	Non-wrappable T
As<T>() (non-const)	exact cast first; otherwise wrap. Returns nullptr on mismatch.	plain cast; nullptr on mismatch.
AsStrict<T>()	exact cast first; otherwise wrap. Throws ValidationError on failure.	plain cast; throws on failure.
As<T>() const	exact cast only — no wrapping; nullptr on mismatch.	plain cast; nullptr on mismatch.

Notes:

• The exact-cast-first step means that if the column already is T, you get the very same
  object back (identity preserved, no new allocation).
• Block::operator[] returns a non-const ColumnRef by value, so block[i]->As<…>()
  always uses the wrapping (non-const) overload — wrapping works out of the box for Select
  results.

Wrapping is a storage-sharing view

Wrapping does not copy or move the underlying data. The typed wrapper shares the same
storage (dictionary, offsets, index, nested columns) with the source via shared_ptr.
Mutations through one are visible through the other, and the source stays fully valid.

auto base    = block[0]->As<ColumnArray>();                 // base view
auto typed   = block[0]->As<ColumnArrayT<ColumnUInt64>>();  // typed, shares the same storage
// reading through `typed` reflects exactly what `base` holds

---

Examples

LowCardinality

client.Select("SELECT lc_col FROM my_table", [](const Block& block) {
    // Server sends a base ColumnLowCardinality; wrap it into the typed view.
    auto lc = block[0]->As<ColumnLowCardinalityT<ColumnString>>();
    if (!lc) return;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < lc->Size(); ++i)
        std::cout << lc->At(i) << "\n";   // std::string_view
});

Array

// Array(UInt64)
auto arr = block[0]->As<ColumnArrayT<ColumnUInt64>>();
for (size_t row = 0; row < arr->Size(); ++row) {
    auto values = arr->At(row);                 // ArrayValueView
    for (size_t j = 0; j < values.size(); ++j)
        std::cout << values[j] << " ";          // uint64_t
    std::cout << "\n";
}

Nullable

// Nullable(String)
auto n = block[0]->As<ColumnNullableT<ColumnString>>();
for (size_t i = 0; i < n->Size(); ++i) {
    std::optional<std::string_view> v = n->At(i);
    std::cout << (v ? std::string(*v) : std::string("<null>")) << "\n";
}

Tuple

// Tuple(UInt64, String)
auto t = block[0]->As<ColumnTupleT<ColumnUInt64, ColumnString>>();
for (size_t i = 0; i < t->Size(); ++i) {
    auto [id, name] = t->At(i);                 // std::tuple<uint64_t, std::string_view>
    std::cout << id << " => " << name << "\n";
}

Map

// Map(String, UInt64)
auto m = block[0]->As<ColumnMapT<ColumnString, ColumnUInt64>>();
for (size_t i = 0; i < m->Size(); ++i) {
    auto row = m->At(i);                         // MapValueView
    for (const auto& [key, value] : row)
        std::cout << key << "=" << value << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
}

Nested types

Wrapping recurses, so nested typed columns work too:

// Array(LowCardinality(String))
auto arr = block[0]->As<ColumnArrayT<ColumnLowCardinalityT<ColumnString>>>();

As vs AsStrict

As returns nullptr on a type mismatch — always check it:

if (auto typed = column->As<ColumnArrayT<ColumnUInt64>>()) {
    // use typed
} else {
    // wrong type
}

AsStrict throws clickhouse::ValidationError instead, which is handy when a mismatch is a
programming error you want to surface immediately:

auto typed = column->AsStrict<ColumnArrayT<ColumnUInt64>>();   // throws on mismatch

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How it works (brief)

• A compile-time trait, HasWrapMethod<T>, detects whether T exposes a static Wrap.
• For a wrappable T, As/AsStrict try dynamic_pointer_cast<T> first, then fall back to
  WrapColumn<T>(...), which calls T::Wrap(...).
• T::Wrap(...) builds the typed wrapper by sharing the source column's internal storage
  (shared_ptr), recursing into nested columns as needed.
• There are non-throwing cores (Wrap(col, ValidationError*)) used to implement As, and
  throwing one-argument forms used by AsStrict.

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Limitations & gotchas

• Check for nullptr (or use AsStrict). As signals a mismatch by returning
  nullptr; it does not throw for a plain type mismatch.

• Wrapping allocates. Unless the column already is T (exact-match fast path), wrapping
  creates a new wrapper object (with a distinct identity from the source, though it shares
  storage). These methods are not noexcept: allocation can still throw std::bad_alloc, and
  the throwing forms raise ValidationError on a mismatch.

• Numeric LowCardinality(T) is unsupported by the column factory (its default-item
  handling is string-based).